The OSI Model
The 7-layer reference model — a mental framework for networking.
Learn
Production systems, from first principles
Networking, virtualization and Linux storage — how the underlying systems work, and what breaks in production.
Articles are in English.
Start with the OSI model, CPU rings and traps, or disks, SSDs and NVMe.
Networking44 articles
The TCP/IP Model
The 4-layer model that actually runs the internet.
Encapsulation
How data gets wrapped at each layer for transmission.
Ethernet
Layer 2 — the protocol that connects everything on a LAN.
Switching
How switches learn, forward, and filter traffic.
VLANs (802.1Q)
Logical network segmentation at Layer 2.
Virtualization26 articles
CPU Rings & Traps
How CPUs protect themselves — and why virtualizing x86 was a 20-year puzzle.
Hypervisors (KVM, QEMU, virtio)
The software layer that makes virtual machines possible.
Namespace Theory & Core Types
The isolation primitive — giving each process its own view of the system.
Advanced Types & Container Birth
IPC, User, Cgroup, Time namespaces — and how they combine to create a container.
cgroup Fundamentals
Resource control at the kernel level — not isolation, but limits and accounting.
Controllers (CPU, Memory, I/O)
CPU throttling, memory limits, I/O control, and fork bomb protection.
Linux Storage15 articles
Disks, SSDs & NVMe
HDDs, SSDs, NVMe, and how the kernel sees them.
Partitions (MBR & GPT)
MBR, GPT, and how disk space gets divided.
Filesystem Fundamentals
Inodes, journaling, VFS, and how files are actually stored.
ext4 & XFS
How ext4 and XFS differ in on-disk layout, growth, repair, and operational trade-offs, with commands for inspecting and managing each Linux filesystem.
RAID Levels
Combining disks for performance, redundancy, or both.
Linux Software RAID (mdadm)
Managing arrays with the Linux MD subsystem.
